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WHAT IS IT?

Ostertagia ostertagiÌýis one of the most common species of gutworm found in the UK. This small brown worm has a direct life cycle with no intermediate hosts, and can affect production parameters in both dairy and beef cattle.

WHAT IMPACT DOES IT HAVE?

Youngstock which have yet to develop immunity can beÌýat serious risk from clinical disease (parasitic gastroenteritis/PGE). This is associated with large numbers of gutworms in the abomasum and intestines.

Ostertagiosis is associated with poor weight gain, poor body condition, scour and potentially death if very heavy worm burdens are present. There are two forms of ostertagiosis depending on the time of year; type 1,Ìýwhich is by far the more common, and type 2.

Type 1 ostertagiosis infection occurs when first grazing season calves become infected with overwintered larvae on pastures. Once these cattle develop adult worm burdens they begin to shed eggs onto pasture, contributingÌýto pasture contamination. As these eggs develop to infective larvae, animals go through cycles of re-infection,Ìýrapidly amplifying pasture contamination. A similar pattern can occur in autumn-born beef calves turned out theÌýfollowing spring. It is possible to see disease as early as 4 toÌý6 weeks after turnout if pastures are heavily ontaminated from cattle grazing in previous years. The number of calvesÌýaffected within the group is generally high but deaths areÌýless common, especially if treatment is given early.

Type 2 ostertagiosis occurs in late winter or spring inÌýcattle that were housed carrying high numbers of encysted Ostertagia larvae, ingested from the pasture in the autumn.ÌýLarval development becomes arrested within the hostÌýbut when it resumes, large numbers of the parasite canÌýmature at the same time, causing significant damage to theÌýabomasal wall as they emerge. Usually only a small numberÌýof animals within a group are affected but death is not uncommon in those cases. Treating cattle at housing withÌýa wormer that has efficacy against larval stages will preventÌýtype 2 ostertagiosis.

Adult cattle, although resilient to the clinical diseaseÌýassociated with gutworm infection such as scour, have beenÌýfound to carry worms numbering into the hundreds of thousands. These animals do suffer from sub-clinical disease,Ìýwhich leads to poor performance through decreased milk yield, poor appetite and reduced fertility.

Growing cattle take longer to reach target weight, which can increase age at first service and lead to overall reducedÌýfertility throughout the animal's life. A delay in reachingÌýtarget weights for fattening animals will also eat into profits. Research has shown that even immune cows, when exposed to a significant gutworm challenge, have a reducedÌýappetite. Many studies have proven that even immuneÌýcattle carry a worm burden; being immune means the risk of developing clinical disease is extremely small. In adult dairy cows, eating less as a result of infection can have aÌýdirect effect on milk yield and reduce lactation by as muchÌýas 2.6 litres per cow per day.¹

This effect on appetite can be particularly significant for newly calved cows, where maximising feed intake is important to reduce the ‘energy gap'. If appetite is reduced at this critical time and food intake is compromised, theÌýnegative energy gap will increase, causing the cow to milk off her back and lose significant body condition.

A recent study demonstrated that cows treated around the time of calving produced an average of 1 litre moreÌýmilk each day for the entire lactation than those that were untreated.²

Studies have also shown that worming dairy cows can improve fertility, with treated animals demonstrating a 13-day shorter calving to conception interval and a 20% higher conception rate at first service.³

LIFE CYCLEÌý

The life-cycle ofÌýOstertagiaÌýis direct, which means thatÌýinfection is picked up from the pasture, adult worms develop in the host, these worms produce eggs that seed the pasture with new infection ready to infect the nextgrazing host animal. No intermediate host is involved.

• Cattle can start to pick up the infective L3 stage larvae as soon as they are turned out to pasture in the spring. The L3 larvae are ingested and pass into the abomasum/intestine.

• The pre-patent period is the time it takes for these larvae (L3) to develop within the host animal into adult worms which start producing eggs. In the case ofÌýOstertagiaÌýthe pre-patent period is as short as three weeks.

• L4 larvae can remain dormant for up to five months within the abomasal wall of the host animal before completing development.

• This makes it possible for larvae that infect cattle at the end of the summer to overwinter in the host. They can then resume development the following spring when environmental conditions are more favourable.

• Eggs are then passed out in the dung onto the pasture, where they hatch to release first stage larvae (L1).

• Within the faecal pat the first stage larvae (L1) moult to become L2 and finally to the infective L3 stage, which migrate out of the faecal pats onto surrounding herbage where they can be eaten. This development phase can take as little as two-three weeks.

DIAGNOSTICS

Faecal Egg Counts (FECs)

FECs can give an indication of the number of worms in theÌýgut of young cattle, and provide a useful indicator of the need for treatment and the levels of pasture contamination. Once immunity starts to develop, FECs become less reliable, as the worms inside an animal shed fewer eggs. TheÌýMOO TestÌý(MilkÌýOstertagia ostertagiÌýELISA) is a useful diagnostic tool in dairy herds. This herd test assesses the level of gutworm exposure cows have received by quantifying the amount of antibody toÌýOstertagiaÌýin a bulk milk sample. Where the level of exposure is determined to be high,ÌýOstertagiaÌýis likely to be having a significant impact on productivity, and treatment of the herd is likely to yield an improvement in milk production.

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Beef and dairy youngstock

ÌýandÌýcan be used to treat andÌý Control gutworms inÌý youngstock. Treatment should be targeted at young cattle during their first and second grazing seasons. The timing of treatment should be based on an assessment of epidemiological factors and be customised for each individual farm. For youngstock on pasture that has not been previously heavily stocked or has been rested for several years without grazing cattle, monitoring of growth rates, and use of FECs can provide an effective means of assessing theÌýgutworm challenge.

Dairy cows and heifers

Treatment to remove the gutworm burden at or shortlyÌýafter calving helps to reduce the nutritional constraints on the animal, reducing the energy gap, and easing her transition into lactation. For cows calving in the spring, treating at or shortly after calving also allows farmers to make the most of their best and cheapest source of nutrition; grass.

Ìýis the tried and trusted treatment for gutworm in dairy cows. It has a zero milk withhold, allowing dairy cattle to be treated at the optimal time with no loss of production.